All the World’s Is a Stage- Essay

 

All the World’s Is a Stage 

       

“All the World’s Is a Stage” is an extract from Shakespeare’s play, As You Like It. Jacques, a character in the play, compares human life to a drama. He compares this world to a stage and the human beings as just actors who come and go. He divides the human life into seven stages and attributes specific traits to each stage.

The first stage is that of an infant, crying and puking in the nurse’s arms. In the second stage, the school boy unwillingly goes to school. He looks bright in the morning. With his satchel, he creeps like a snail. In the third stage, the school boy grows into a young lover, who sighs like a furnace. He writes poems to his mistress, expressing his love:

                       “      . . . And then the lover,                                                                                                                                                Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad                                                                                     Made to his mistress’ eyebrow.”

         In the fourth stage, the young man is a courageous soldier. He is quick in quarrel and seeks temporary fame in the battlefield. He does not realize that human life is transitory in nature. Reputation is like a bubble which disappears quickly.

        The fifth stage is that of a person who wants all the rules to be followed strictly. He is a learned man and his judgements are full of wise sayings and modern examples.

         In the sixth stage, the old man looks like a pantaloon. He is very lean and week. He wears spectacles on his nose, with pouch on his side. His leg shrinks and so the dress becomes too large for him now. His manly voice becomes a childish treble.

           In the last stage, man experiences his second childhood. He loses his teeth, vision, taste, and also his memory. He is like a baby who is always under the care of a nurse. He is in a state of total oblivion without the ability to know what is happening around him.

          Thus, Shakespeare divides human life into seven ages. Birth is the entrance and death the exit.

 

Soliloquies in Shakespeare

 

Soliloquies in Shakespeare

Soliloquy is ‘a discourse made by one in solitude.’ In other words, it may be defined as ‘thinking aloud’. It is not natural for a man to talk to himself but when the heart is surcharged with emotions, it naturally bursts into involuntary words. But the content of the words in which the overwrought heart finds its vent must be of confidential in nature, that does not admit of communication to anyone else except the speaker's own self. The use of soliloquy is justified only under these circumstances. Otherwise, it becomes childish, clumsy and unnatural.

Shakespeare has made frequent use of soliloquies in his plays and they include the soliloquies of Macbeth, lady Macbeth, Othello, and Hamlet. His soliloquies or set speeches of a soliloquial character are never futile or unnatural. Sometimes a soliloquy serves the purpose of giving information to the audience though the intention is disguised. Sometimes a soliloquy, especially, in the case of villains discharges, the function of explanation.

In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy discloses her inner world and exposes her guilt to the world. In Act 1, Scene 7, Macbeth wrestles with his conscience about murdering King Duncan. He acknowledges the moral consequences and fears divine justice. This moment highlights his internal struggle between ambition and morality. Another significant soliloquy is the “Is this a dagger which I see before me” speech in Act 2, Scene 1. Here, Macbeth hallucinates a dagger leading him toward Duncan’s chamber. The vision reflects his disturbed state of mind, showing how deeply he is consumed by his murderous thoughts. These soliloquies trace Macbeth’s transformation from a hesitant murderer to a ruthless tyrant and, finally, a man disillusioned with life itself.

In Othello, lago's soliloquies explain to the audience, the real motives of his crimes. Soliloquies also add an air of idealisation to the play, as almost all the important soliloquies of Shakespeare are highly lyrical and poetic. They include some of Shakespeare's greatest writings. Thus Shakespeare's soliloquies generally discharge four functions: self-revelation, information, explanation and idealisation. Some soliloquies serve more than one function and it is rarely that a soliloquy combines in itself all the four functions.

Supernatural Elements in Shakespeare

 

Supernatural Elements in Shakespeare

The supernatural elements are the point of attraction even today. It includes all those phenomena which can not be explained by the accepted laws of natural science. In the days of Shakespeare, there was almost universal belief in the presence and power of the unseen. All classes of people, including the king, shared this belief. Most of the forms of the marvellous in which people believed were awe-inspiring. They had faith in demons, ghosts, witches and wizards. There was another category too, namely the fairies, which was conceived in a lighter vein. He freely used both the categories of the unseen and ghosts, fairies and witches appear and re-appear in one play after another. But his supernatural is not so crude and rough as that of the other contemporary dramatists. It is always invested with a deep moral and psychological significance.

Shakespeare invests his supernatural with all the circumstances and characteristic features of popular superstitions. So that it was readily accepted by his audience. In Hamlet, the ghost has far great powers but it fails to achieve its purpose. The witches in Macbeth have even greater potentialities for evil and wreck the human soul. The Hamlet ghost appears in weird circumstances, on a cold and dark night. It does not speak till it is spoken to. It inspires terror in the hearts of those who see it and it vanishes as soon as it is daylight. Similarly in Macbeth, the witches in their characteristics conform substantially to these of popular imagination and conception. They are poor and ragged, skinny and They are dressed like women bat grow beards which one like, Banquo, doubt their sex. They appear in foul weather when there is thunder, lightning and storms. They have gifts of prophecy can cast spells and raise apparitions.

The supernatural is ever brought by the dramatist in the closest relation with character and action. The witches of Macbeth integral to the plot. They shape the course of events and they are the motive power of the drama. They also serve in intensify the atmosphere of horror and dread in the plays. Similarly, the ghost in Hamlet, is not a meaningless apparition. The supernatual can only suggest a particular course of action, it can never compel a character to act in a particular manner. The ultimate responsibility lies with the human actors of a play and not with the superhuman.